Lab Report Microbiology Essay Example for Free

Lab Report Microbiology Essay Abstract Dairy food staff such as soft cheese,cream cheese,raw milk,sour cream,yoghurt and probiotic yoghurt products can be a rich source of diverse lactic acid bacteria.The objective of this lab practical was to isolate lactic acid bacteria(LAB) form raw milk,establishment of pure cultures of LAB,identify LAB and phage recovery and enumeration of recoverd phage.Raw milk was chosen as a sample so as to have a more positive result.To identify bacteria Lab isolated from raw milk,biochemical,morphological ,physiological and cultural characteristics were employed. The purification of isolates was done by moving Gram +ve ro ds and cocci shaped bacteria to selective media MRS and M-17 plates. The isolates were sub cultured till pure isolates were got. From 20 raw milk samples a total of 150 LAB positives were got, in which 22 and 128 were identified as lactic acid cocci and lactic acid bacilli,respectively. Also, our biochemical tests showed the occurrence 11 and 13 of 11 and 13 Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris and Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. cremoris among lactic acid cocci.In the case of lactic acid bacilli, Lactobacillus helveticus 18; Lactobacillus plantarum 37; Lactobacillus brevis 8; Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei 18 and Lactobacillus delactobacillirueckii subsp. bulgaricus 47 was found. In the lactic acid cocci and bacilli, Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. cremoris and Lactobacillus delactobacillirueckii subsp. bulgaricus were found to be the more dominant species, respectively.Bacterial phages were inducted from the Lactic acid bacteria and enumerated by using several biochemical techniques. INTRODUCTION To produce flavor and acidity at desired levels,fermented milk products are prepared in controlled fermentation of milk. (Thapa, 2000). Starter culture organisms in this fermentations belongs to bacteria family known as the Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB). These LABS are identified by of morphological,and physiological characteristics.LAB are widely found in nature and almost in all micro flora.LAB are gram positive bacteria and are important in food fermentation. Other species of the genus Lactobacillus, Lactococcus and Leuconostoc are added to this group. The lactic acid  fermentation process has been known by human for long time and even applied in some activities. LAB has also been an efficient method of natural preservation.Furthermore lab determine the nutritional value,flavor and texture of food and feeds). Industrialization of the biological ‘revolution’ of foodstuffs has LAB an ecomonic boost because they are important in safety aspects of fermented products. Lactic acid is used by food industry as an acidulent and preservative for the production of sour curd cheese and yoghurt (Linkater and Griffin, 1971). Lactococci are the major mesophilic bacteria used for acid production in dairy fermentations and used as starter cultures in the manufacture of a vast range of dairy foods including fermented milks, lactic butter, cheese and lactic casein (Ward et al., 2002). MATERIALS AND METHODS Raw milk samples: Raw milk samples were collected in sterilized specimen bottles from the local dairy shops around the university,including the raw milk from the university’s dairy department.The raw milk were kept at 4 for more use. lactic acid bacteria isolation from raw milk: The samples were weighed and homogenized aseptically.Each sample, a 1.10 dilution was made by using peptone water then by making a 10 pack of continued dilution. The 0.1 ml taken from each dilution was then sub cultured duplicately into the M 17 and MRS agars used for isolating LAB (Badis et al., 2004a; Guessas and Kihal, 2004).In order to counter yeast growth the media were then added with 100 mg of cyclo-heximide prior to being incubated in optimum temperatures ( 30 °C) for 3 days (Beukes et al., 2001; Kalavrouzioti et al., 2005). The agar plates of MSR were incubated in anaerobic conditions using the Gas-Pack system at 30 °C for 3 days to provide an optimum temperature for growing the different genus of bacteria. M17 agar plates were also incubated in anaerobic conditions at 30 °C for 2 days to set up an optimal temperature for growing lactococci.Higher dilutions were used to perform total counts. Colonies were then selected randomly and the streak plating method employed to purify the stains. The strains were kept in 2 conditions including at 4 °C (for MRS and M17 plates ) and at -20 °C (for M17 and MRS broth) withh by 20% glycerol. Identification of the bacterial strains:The strains were subjected to gram staining,catalase and spore formation tests. (Harrigan and McCance, 1976).All Colonies were characterized in MRS and M 17 agars.The strains that gave gram positive and catalse negative results were set aside for further identification.(Sharpe, 1979).The growth of the bacteria at different temperatures of between Growth 10-45 °C for 3-6 days , resistance to 60 °C for 30 min (Sherman test), growth in the presence of 2 to 6 % NaCl and different pHs (4.5 and 6.5) were used to identify the strains of LAB. Arginine and asculin hydrolysis,citrate utilistaion, acetone productionformation of gas from glucose and production of dextran from sucrose were also determined. The starins were then tested for fermentation of L-arabinose, D-xylose, galactose, D-fructose, sorbitol, lactose, melibiose, saccharose, D-raffinose, melezitose, mannose and glucose. Bacterial growth in the different temperatures were confirmed by turbidity change in MRS or M17 after incubation(after 24,48 and 72 hrs).Microbial tolerance to the diverse levels of salt, pH and heat was evaluated. Arginine dihydrolase agar and asculin acid agar were used to perform the hydrolysis tests. For determination of citrate utilization and acetone production, citrate and MR-VP agars were used. MRS or M17 broths with Durham tubes were used for determination of gas production and the detrin production from sucrose was done in MSR.To assess the sugars fermentation in a medium a solution with the following composition was used (gL-1): bovine extract, 10.0; neopepton, 10.0; yeast extract, 5.0; K2HPO4, 2.0; CH3COONa+3H2O, 5.0; diamonium citrate, 2.0; MgSO4, 0.2; MnSO4, 0.05; brom-cresol-purple, 0.17; tween 80, 1 mL. Carbon utilization was also tested. Phage induction MRSA broth liquid culutures were equally divided into two sterile tubes.Each tube was labeled as ‘mitomycin C’ and the other as ‘control’. 500 µl of micomycin was added to the tube labelld as ‘mitomycin’ and ascpetic techniques of flaming the neck before and after adding the mycomycin. A starch agar plate marked STA containing nutrient agr with soluble starch was already provided.A casein agar plate that contained nutrient agar mixture added skim milk was given and marked CA. All the three plates were inoculated by streaking of the MRSA Lactobacillus lattis culture. This was  done with the help of the loop. The loop was flamed and a colony of the culture was collected. The plates were then streaked with the culture. The plates were then incubated for 12-18 hours at 37oC. The bacteria were also transferred into the nutrient agar plate to set up for biochemical tests.. Enumeration of bacterial phages Phage stock was diluted to achieve a plaque count on plates of 100-250 pfu (plaque forming units).All the dilutions were mixed thoroughly in a sterile saline. The phage was then plated by removing one soft agar at a time,then adding 0.3ml of bacterial suspension to it.This was also followed by 0.1 of diluted phage The agar tube was rolled between palms to mix and quickly pour to suface of warm base agar plate. Quick gentle figure patterns were done on the surface of the base plate agar The agar was allowed to harden and incubated for 35 degree celcious for 8 hours. Results Catalase test After incubation, hydrogen peroxide was added to the one colony on the nutrient agar plate. Small bubbles of oxygen wereformed which indicated a positive result for catalase. Figure 2 – The catalase test Starch hydrolysis test When iodine solution was poured to the starch agar plate and allowed to rest for close to 2 minutes,the plate turned blue which indicated the presence of starch that has not been hydrolysed. A B Fig 1 -Growth of MRSA Lactobacillus lattis on starch agar plate (A) before the addition of iodine solution and (B) after the addition of iodine solution. Agar test The position of the growth in the tube was observed. The growth was throughout the tube, but near the surface, the growth was highest which  indicated being aerotolerant. Figure 3- The bacteria stabbed in both the tubes containing NA and MRS. Carbohydrate fermentation substrates API test strips were used to identify the bacteria and the results showed it was Lactococcus lactis sspcremoris 1. Casein Hydrolysis The casein agar plates were examined to see any clearing around the colonies after being incubated for 48 hours. There was no clearing of the agar around the bacterial growth. Therefore, the results showed negative casein hydrolysis. Gelatin hydrolysis Saturated ammonium sulpahate was added onto the gelatine agar plate there was no precipitation indicating negative hydrolysis Figure 4 – The results obtained after the data was entered on the computer database. Figure 5 – The difference between a control and the samples of bacteria. Test for phage induction Once mitomycin C was added to the MRS liquid broth, it was observed for the induction of phages. It showed there was a clear lysis of the turbid culture. Figure 6 – Comparison between a control and bacteria culture containing mitomycin C All 150 Gram +non-sporeforming ans catalase negative were charcterised as follows: Mesophilic homo-fermentative cocci, 11 isolated:It was characterized by  arginine dihydrolase negative, arginine hydrolysis negative, citrate negative and acetoin negative This gropu was identifies as Lactococcus lactis subsp. Cremoris .The microorganisms were spherically shape.They occurred in pairs with non motile, facultative anaerobic fermentative metabolism. Mesophilic heterofermentative cocci, 13 isolated:Microorganisms in this group had a close relation with Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. cremoris . They were arginine negative,glucose positive,acetonoine positive and dextrane positive. Lactobacilli bacteria, 128 isolated: The group was divided into 3: (1) Mesophilic facultative heterofermentative Lactobacilli (55 isolates)Included Lactobacilli plantarum (37 isolates)and Lactobacilli. casei subsp. casei (36 isolates, (2) Thermophilic obligate homo-fermentative Lactobacilli (64 isolates) Included Lactobacilli. helveticus (17 isolates) and Lactobacilli. delactobacillirueckii subsp. bulgaricus (47 isolates). They were lactose positive andfructose positive. (3) mesophilic obligate hetero-fermentative Lactobacilli (8 isolates) Included Lactobacilli. brevis (18 isolates) Discussion It was discovered that mesophilic facultative hetero-fermantative lactobacilli group was divided into two;37 isolates were identified to be lactobacilli plantarum ans 18 isolates as lactobacilli casei subsp.casei.This results are also consistent with other research works such as the isolation of lactic acid bacteria from Maasai traditional fermented milk(Mathara et al.,2004). For the second group,17 isolates were identified as Lactobacilli plantarum and 47 isolates identified as lactobacilli delactobacillirueskii subs.bulgaricus. Furthermore,lactobacilli brevis isolates(8) were identified using mannose and melezitose fermentation. In the cocci group,12 and 22 isolates were identified as Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. cremoris and Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris. Respectively.This number is low an its attributed to the fact lactic acid cocci are not able to compete with lactic acid bacilli in mixed cultures(Teuber and Geis, 1981; Togo et al., 2002). LAB are presenta in dairy manufacturing as starter cultures.There are specific fermentation processes that have been developed to maximize the growth of desired LAB  species.Some of the species are fastidious organisms like Lactobacilli delactobacillirueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Lactobacilli helveticus (Bottazzi, 1988). Isolates that belong to lactobacilli plantarum group are shown to be dominant members of LAB flora of acid –fermented stuff(tempoyuk).Morever, Lactobacilli. brevis group and Ln. mesenteroides isolates were also found (Leisner et al., 2001). This isolates have alos been found in South African Traditional fermeneted products.There are also other isolates that have been found in raw gaot’s milk of Algerian origin.This species include Lactobacilli. helveticus, Lactobacilli. plantarum, Lactobacilli. delactobacillirueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Lactobacilli. brevis and Lc. lactis subsp. lactis (Badis et al., 2004b). In chili bo, Lactobacilli. plantarum isolates were found to be the most dominant organism(Leisner et al. 1999). REFERENCES Accolas, J.P. and J. Auclair, 1977. Determination of the acid producing activity of concentrated frozen suspensions of lactic acid bacteria. Lait, 50: 609-626. Ammor, S., C. Rachman, S. Chaillou, H. Prevost and X. Dousset et al., 2005. Phenotypic and genotypic identification of lactic acid bacteria isolated from a small-scale facility producing traditional dry sausages. Food Microbiol., 22: 373-382. CrossRef | Badis, A., D. Guetarni, B. Moussa-Boudjema, D.E. Henni and M. Kihal, 2004. Identification and technological properties of lactic acid bacteria isolated from raw goats milk of four Algerian races. Food Microbiol., 21: 579-588. CrossRef | Badis, A., D. Guetarni, B. Moussa-Boudjema, D.E. Henni, M.E. Tornadijo and M. Kihal, 2004. Identification of cultivable lactic acid bacteria isolated from Algerian raw goats milk and evaluation of their technological properties. Food Microbiol., 21: 343-349. CrossRef | Beukes, E.M., B.H. Bester and J.F. Mostert, 2001. The microbiology of South African traditional fermented milks. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 63: 189-197. CrossRef | PubMed | Direct Link | Bottazzi, V., 1988. An introduction to rod shaped lactic-acid bacteria. Biochemie, 70: 303-315. PubMed | Collins, M.D., B.A. Phillips and P. Zanoni, 1989. Deoxyribonucleic acid homology studies of Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus paracasei sp. nov., subsp. paracasei and subsp. Tolerans and Lactobacillus rhamnosus sp. nov., comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 39: 105-108. CrossRef | Guessas, B. and M. Kihal, 2004. Characterization of lactic acid bacteria isolated from Algerian arid zone raw goats milk. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 3: 339-342. Direct Link | Harrigan, W.F. and M.E. MaCance, 1976. Laboratory Methods in Food and Dairy Microbiology. Revised Edn., Academic Press, New York, pp: 33-200. Hemme, D. and C. Foucaud-Scheunemann, 2004. Leuconostoc, characteristics, use in dairy technology and prospects in functional foods. Int. Dairy J., 14: 467-494. CrossRef | Herrero, M., B. Mayo, B. Gonzalez and J.E. Suarez, 1996. Evaluation of technologically important traits in lactic acid bacteria isolated from spontaneous fermentation. J. Applied Bacteriol., 82: 565-570. Direct Link | Holt, J.G., 1994. Bergeys Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. 9th Edn., Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, Pages: 787. Kalavrouzioti, I., M. Hatzikamari, E. Litopoulou-Tzanetaki and N. Tzanetakis, 2005. Production of hard cheese from caprine milk by the use of two types of probiotic cultures as adjuncts. Int. J. Dairy Technol., 58: 30-38. CrossRef | Lee, B., 1996. Bacteria- Based Processes and Products. In: Fundamentals of Food Biotechnology, Lee, B. (Ed.), Wiley-Inter Science, New York, pp: 219-290. Leisner, J.J., B. Pot, H. Christensen, G. Rusul and J.O. Olsen et al., 1999. Identification of lactic acid bacteria from Chilli Bo, a Malaysian food ingredient. Applied Environ. Microbiol., 65: 599-605. PubMed | Leisner, J.J., M. Vancanneyt, G. Rusul, B. Pot, K. Lefebvre, A. Fresi and L.K. Tee, 2001. Identification of lactic acid bacteria constituting the predominating microflora in an acid-fermented condiment (Tempoyak) popular in Malaysia. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 63: 149-157. Linkater, P.M. and C.J. Griffin, 1971. Immobilized living cell fermentation. J. Dairy Res., 38: 127-136. Lipinsky, E.S., 1981. Growth and activity of Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris in skim milk. J. Sci., 212: 1465-1471. Mathara, J.M., U. Schillinger, P.M. Kutima, S.K. Mbugua and W.H. Holzapfel, 2004. Isolation, identification and characterization of the dominant microorganisms of kule naoto: The Maasai traditional fermented milk in Kenya. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 94: 267-278. PubMed | Mayeux, J.V., W.W.E. Sandine and P.R. Elliker, 1962. A selective medium for detecting Leuconostoc organisms in mixed strain starter cultures. J. Dairy Sci., 45: 655-656. Muyanja, C.M.B.K., J.A. Narvhus, J. Treimo and T. Langsrud, 2003. Isolation, characterization and identification of lactic acid bacteria from bushera: A Ugandan traditional fermented beverage. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 80: 201-210. CrossRef | Olarte, C., S. Sanz, E. Gonzalez- Fandos and P. Torre, 2000. The effect of a commercial starter culture addition on the ripening of an artisanal goats cheese (Cameros Cheese). J. Applied Microbiol., 88: 421-429. PubMed | Samelis, J., F. Maurogenakis and J. Metaxopoulos, 1994. Characterization of lactic acid bacteria isolated from naturally fermented Greek dry salami. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 23: 179-196. PubMed | Server-Busson, C., C. Foucaud and J.Y. Leveau, 1999. Selection of dairy Leuconostoc isolates for important technological properties. J. Dairy Res., 66: 245-256. CrossRef | Sharpe, M.E., 1979. Identification of the Lactic Acid Bacteria. In: Identification Methods for Microbiologists, Skinner, F.A. and D.W. Lovelock (Eds.). Academic Press, London, pp: 233-259. Stiles, M.E. and W.H. Holzapfel, 1997. Lactic acid bacteria of foods and their current taxonomy. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 36: 1-29. Direct Link | Terzic-Vidojevic, A., M. Vukasinovic, K. Veljovic, M. Ostojic and L. Topisirovic, 2007. Characterization of microflora in homemade Int. J. Food Microbiol., 114: 36-42. PubMed | Teuber, M. and A. Geis, 1981. The Family Streptococaceae (Non-Medical Aspect). In: The Prokaryotes: A Handbook on Habitats, Isolation and Identification of Bacteria, Starr, M.P., H. Stolp, H.G. Trueper, A. Balows and H.G. Schlegel (Eds.). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp: 1614-1630. Thapa, T., 2000. Small-Scale Milk Processing Technologies: Other Milk Products. FAO, Rome, Italy. Togo, C.A., S.B. Feresu and A.N. Mutukumira, 2002. Identification of lactic acid bacteria isolated from Opaque beer (Chibuku) for potential use as a starter culture. J. Food Technol. Afr., 7: 93-97. Direct Link | Tserovska, L., S. Stefanova and T. Yordanova, 2002. Identification of lactic acid bacteria isolated from Katyk, goats milk and Cheese. J. Cult. Collect., 3: 48-52. Direct Link | Ward, L.J.H., G.P. Davey, H.A. Heap and W.J. Kelly, 2002. Lactococcus Lactis. In: Encyclopedia of Dairy Science, Roginski, H., J.W. Fuquay and P.F. Fox (Eds.). Elsevier Sci. Ltd., London, pp: 1511-1516.

Free Hamlet Essays: Imagery in Hamlet :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Imagery in Hamlet  Ã‚   The imagery in the play of Hamlet is composed of disease, poison, and decay this adds to the overall atmosphere of horror and tragedy. First, hamlet uses images of disease to show the state of the country of Denmark and his mother. Second, the imagery of poison is used to describe his father’s death. Lastly, Hamlet describes his feelings toward himself and Claudius and his feelings toward his mother by using images of decay. In Hamlet, as in all literature, imagery adds to reader’s ability to imagine the feeling of the story. In the first act of Hamlet, Hamlet uses imagery of disease to describe the state of Denmark. He is unhappy with what has happened with the country. "There is something rotten in the state of Denmark." He is describing how disgusted he is with his mother and how she is sleeping with his uncle using images of disease. "It will but skin and film the ulcerous place / Whiles rank corruption, mining all within, infects unseen." The imagery of disease is a main factor in this story and is used in large amounts. It shows a feeling of disgust that Hamlet has with the surrounding situation in the play and his life. Imagery of poison is used when the ghost describes the death of Hamlets father in a way to disgust Hamlet and goad hi into revenge. "†¦/ thy uncle stole / with juice of cursed hebona in a vile, / And in the porches of my ears did pour / The leperous distilment, whose effect / Holds such an enmity with blood of man / †¦ / And curd, like eager droppings into milk, / †¦ / with vile and loathsome crust / All my smooth body." The imagery of poison is used to express and induce a feeling of horror into the reader. Hamlet is obsessed with suicide and wants his skin to melt off because he is disgusted with himself. "O that this too too sullied flesh would melt, / Thaw, and resolve itself into a dew†¦" This adds a felling that hamlet is disturbed and growing worse. He then wants the king to die like a beggar and rip out his guts. "Nothing but to show you how a king may go a progress / through the guts of a beggar." This shows an effect that hamlet is angry and disturbed by adding a felling of horror.

Confessional Mode in Poetry of Kamala Das

Confessional mode of writing has its virtual origin in the imides in America. It is hybrid mode of poetry which meaner objective, analytical or even clinical observation of incidents from one's own life. Confessional poems are intensely personal and highly subjective. There is no ‘persona' in the poems. ‘l' in the poems is the poet and nobody else. The themes are nakedly embarrassing and focus too exclusively upon the pain, anguish and ugliness of life at the expense of its pleasure and beauty. Confessional poets did not follow any tradition nor respected any conventions.They wanted to be unique and not a part of the conventional social set up. This conflict with society leads them to introspection. In the course, comes a breaking point when they could not compromise with themselves. They lose themselves helplessly in the battle and start searching for the lost self. This conflict has given birth to a number of beautiful poems. The sensitive poem cannot take failure for g ranted. At this Juncture, life becomes unbearable and the call of death becomes irresistible. They are more than convinced that death can offer them more solace than life.Born on March 31, 1934 Kamala Dads was major Indian English poet and at the same time a leading Malaysia author from Kraal, India. At the age of 15 she got married to bank officer Madhya Dads, who encouraged her writing interests, and she started writing and publishing both in English and Malaysia. She was born in a conservative Hindu Nair family having royal ancestry but she embraced Islam in 1999 at age of 65 and assumed the name Kamala Surreys. On 31 May 2009, gagged, she died at a hospital in Pun, but has earned considerable respect in recent years.The ‘confessional' poet does not accept restrictions on subject matter, though they re usually personal. He may write as freely about his hernia as about his sweet heart. Anything within his private experience may form his theme. He takes the help of an open la nguage for an uninhibited expression of his emotions, and by ‘open language' is meant free verse or blank verse, as opposed to rhymed verse. It does not suggest, however, that the ‘confessional' poets are wild in their emotional outbursts. Personal failure as well as mental illness is his favorite theme.Keeping in mind the above specifications about ‘confessional' poetry and poets, it would be not wrong to heartier Kamala Dads as a ‘confessional' poet in the true sense of the term. She is the most prominent confessional Indian English poet of our time. In the confessional poets, the subjective element has become the chief characteristic of their poetry, and Kamala Dads is no exception. Her poetry has a strong note of subjectivism. B. K Dads says that â€Å"Like Sylvia Plate, Kamala Dad's interests in the various places is very much personal and subjective.Most of her poems in the collections Summer in Calcutta, The Descendants and The Old Playhouse and other poems are confessional in tone ND subjective state† (Comparative Literature 109). She writes in the mode and pattern of several ‘new American poets like Robert Lowell, Anne Sexton, Sylvia Plate, W. D Snodgrass, John Ferryman and Theodore Rewrote. She has chosen poetry as her genre to express her intense feeling, as it gives her a lot of scope. She started writing her life story to distract her mind and to recover herself from illness.Confessional confession; by peeling off layers of pretence they try to regain lost values. Dad's urge to peel the layers of herself to reveal the terrors, pain, miseries, frustrations and exactions is obvious here. She realizes that an understanding of the true self is possible only by doing away with the pretensions and superficiality that human beings are usually surrounded by. Whatever she has disclosed about herself does not carry any sense of guilt or shame. Disclosure makes her feel easy. She doesn't like to hide anything.She would li ke to disclose all her secret thoughts and feelings. She shares everything with her readers, good and bad, about her life with all the secrets that should not be openly expressed in her society. She chooses to confess everything by writing rather than going to a priest. She has to create a place for herself in a public world, in her home and even in her own bedroom. Kamala Dad's shocking confession about the theme of love has startled equally the critics and the laymen. Some of her confessions about various love episodes have shocked the readers.It is stranger because such kind of poetry is coming from a traditional Indian woman who is mostly considered to be shy, silent and introvert. Her search for independence in sex and other subjects is exceptional in the tradition of Indian rating in English whether written by women or men. Her confessional poetry is an attempt to end the war between passion and reason, flash and spirit, body and soul. Nostalgia for childhood is one of the cha racteristic qualities of confessional poetry. As confessional poet, Kamala Dads has drawn vivid pictures of their childhood in her poems.She can be termed as child prodigy. She was barely six, when she started writing her poetry. She wrote tragic poems about her dolls that lost their heads and limbs. Each of her poems about her dolls made her cry. Failure in love as a theme is ore powerful in the poems of confessional poets, than its consummation. She is unhappy about her marriage. She appeared to be a puppet, the strings of which being held firmly by her parent she wasn't given a free choice to select an ideal lover. Her preference was not considered by her parent's.Dads expresses: â€Å"l was burden and a responsibility neither my parent's nor my grandmother could put up with for long. Therefore with the blessing of all, our marriage was fixed†. (My Story 82) Kamala Dads has thus, a strong grievance against her husband's infidelity and lust. He knows only he physical kind o f love, without trying to make any emotional and spiritual contact with her. She mentions in My Story â€Å"Before I left for Calcutta, my relative (her future husband) pushed me into a dark corner behind a door and kissed me sloppily near my mouth.He crushed my breasts with his thick fingers. I felt hurt and humiliated. All I said was a good bye†. (Dads 82) Dads has given graphic accounts of her relations with her husband before their marriage. It is clear that she admired him but we do not find glimpses of her love and affection for her hubby as a man or as a lover. In My Story she has expressed her romantic ideas of an ideal lover. She writes: I had expected him to take me in his arms and stroke my face, my hair, my hands and whisper loving words. I had expected him to be all that I wanted my father to be and my mother.I wanted conversation, companionship and warmth. Sex was far from my thoughts. I had hoped that he would remove with one sweep of his benign arms, the lonel iness of my life. (Dads 84) She enters into marriage with her beautiful romantic ideals but her dreams were shattered when she finds herself in a loveless throughout her poetry. The kisses of her husband on her cheeks are like maggots rolling over the corpse. She was sick of love which was Just skin-deep. Again and again she raises her voice against his physical love. She says thus . What is? The use, what is the bloody use?That was the only kind of love, This hacking at each other's part Like convicts hacking, breaking clods At noon (Convicts) Her marriage with a man much older to her creates an aversion. His demanding nature made her frigid. An Introduction is Kamala Dad's most famous poem in confessional mode. It is an autobiographical poem, deals with feminine sensibility. The obsession with love is one of the prominent features of her poetry. The failure to arrive at its highest point leaves her wounded. Her early marriage seems to have given a rude Jolt to her sensibility as w oman.Following lines from poem An Introduction reveal this fact. I was child, and later they Told me I grew, for I became tall, my limbs Swelled and one or two places sprouted hair. When I asked for love, not knowing what else to ask For, he drew a youth of sixteen into the Bedroom and closed the door, He did not beat me But my sad woman-body felt so beaten. (Dads) She was a rebel and does to make any attempts to hide it. She looks everywhere for love but she gets it only in her dreams. She writes, in her usual frank open-mindedness, about married life or man-woman relationship in many of her poems.She frequently complains about man's callousness and wantonness and woman's suffering on that count. This sort of openness and frankness is hardly to be found in any other Indo-English woman poet. Her confessional poetry is obsessively mulling over love and ‘body's wisdom' like Whitman that is why lounger calls her a â€Å"Femme Fatal† whose poetry is of pelvic region. In her poetry, love appears in several roles such as skin communicated thing, as overpowering force, as escape, a longing and a hunger resulting in satiety. Her confessional poems show that she is ‘every woman who seeks love'.She is the the beloved and the betrayed', expressing her ‘endless female hunger', the muted whisper at the core of womanhood'. She is a confessional poet, whose poems are compared with Robert Lowell, Sexton, and Sylvia Plate etc. Although a confessional poet-that kamala Dads is-can make use of any subject for his treatment, he mostly confines himself to the region of his own experience. By so doing he becomes very frank and honest, close and intimate, in his details. That's why ‘confessional' poetry sounds so appealing and so convincing.It frequently takes resort to personal failures and mental illnesses of its composer, and Kamala verse is a brilliant illustration of it. Poet's failure in love is displayed in them. The poem The Bats brings out Mrs. . Dad's sense of sorrow and exhaustion in striking manner. All her poetry is an expression of her private experiences in matters of love and sex. Her quest for true love lands in disasters of love. It operates from the level of personal and the reticular rather than from that of the general and universal. The poem The Freaks no true love: It's only To save my face, I flaunt, at Times, a grand, flamboyant lust. Dads) Kamala Dads makes a hectic search for true love in her poetry, and her personal predicament gets reflected in it. She is a poetess of love and sex and of the body. For woman, a partner is essential in sex-drama, Just as she is essential for her husband in a life of real enjoyment. In Kamala Dad's poetry one comes across the intensity of passions which renders words irrelevant for articulation. Obviously silence and not words is the true language of love and she lays stress on the role of silence as a dramatic device in a poem charged with pulse and power. In Convicts wor ds are submerged in the dark of passions and the music of silence.Confessional poetry is basically the end product, and unconscious act of creation and one can feel upon our pulses, as personality and emotions, the two dragons of Classicists, constitute its essential core. Kamala Dads incorporate subsequently both the forms. Many of her poems are about warmth of her childhood and the family home in Kraal. Her poems always portrait powerful feminist images, focusing on critiques of marriage, motherhood, women's relationship to their bodies and power over their sexuality, and roles women are offered in traditional Indian society.Through her confessional poetry she expresses her humiliations. Her poems are her quest identity in traditional society. Then the woman in Kamala Dads is struggling between passion and tradition. She wants to break the chains around her and wants to be free. In India divorce is not a common feature. A lot of stigma is attached to a divorced woman. Dads too is very much tethered about public opinion she sticks to her marriage while suffering within. She was not educated enough to get a good Job and live independently. Furthermore, as a mother of three kids she had to give a second thought to the matter of divorce.The reasons she gives for not getting a divorce are noteworthy. Dads observes: My parent's and other relatives were obsessed with public opinion and bothered excessively with our society reaction to any action of an individual. A broken marriage was as distasteful, as horrifying as an attack of leprosy. If I had at that time listened to the estates of my conscience and had left my husband, I would have found it impossible to marry me, for I was not conspicuously pretty and besides there was the two-year- old who would have been to the new husband an encumbrance. My Story 102) She does not want to be domesticated because her real self will be vanished. Thus dissatisfied in married life, the woman is unconsciously drawn towards ill icit relationship in search of pure and true love. The poem Glass states clearly that finding no emotional identity or satisfaction with her husband, she is driven into others' arms: I entire other's Lives, and Make of every trap of lust A temporary home (Dads) Behind the back of her husband, Dads discovers her own ways of finding love. She goes to her secret rendezvous and tries to find love outside marriage.Her pursuit of love has driven her to the doors of strangers to receive love at least in the form of ‘a tip'. In My Grandmother's House, the following lines click: . I who have lost Receive love, at least in small change? (Dads) Consequently, her failure pure love degenerates into unwanted lust and her emotional urges remain unfulfilled. Every time she finds face of repulsion and horror. Each relationship only intensifies her disappointment faced with the sense of absolute frustration and loneliness. Her poetry is all about herself, about her desires for love, her emotion al involvement and her failure to achieve such a relationship.Like a confessional poet she has written poems on decay, disease and death. At various occasions, death seems an easy escape for Kamala Dads from the loneliness of life. O sea, I am fed up I went to be simple I want to be loved And If love is not to be had, I want to be dead, Just dead†¦. (The Suicide) She was haunted by he idea of suicide because death seems like a mystical experience which she finds desirable because life is not going to be made new. She considers death a reward for all her pains in surviving upon the earth. A.N Divvied says â€Å"In An Introduction she mentions that she will have no escape from her pitiless husband and that she will find her rest, her sleep, her peace, and even her death only in his arms. â€Å"(Kamala Dads and her Poetry 47) Dad's autobiography gives ample evidence to her idea of death by water, drowning oneself in the sea. The relevant passage reads thus; Often I have dyed wit h the idea of drowning myself to be rid of my loneliness which is not unique in any way, but is natural to all. I have wanted to find rest in the sea and an escape from involvements. My Story 210) Most of her poetry concerns itself with the poet's intensely felt need for declaring her autobiography to the world. Her poetry is crisis- crossed by soul searching, self analysis, introspection and looking deep into oneself, which is why she is called one of the best Indian English woman poets of modern times. Her poetry in itself was reflection of her life, the way she saw it and experienced it. The confessional poems depend upon the honesty of the writer and Kamala Dads has Justified it by being self in her poetic works. She was fascinated by love and to her it meant being honest.Kamala Dads analyses man-woman relationship from an anti-romantic angle and protest against womanhood suppressed by ethics and taboos. As she has mentioned in almost all poems her husband's contact with her was usually cruel and brutal. She grew revengeful towards him and reacted in a non-traditional fashion in love-making. She is the voice of feminism. Her voice is the voice of feminism. Kamala Dads' poems voice not only her own resentment against her husband but, by implication, the resentment of other women who find themselves in a similar predicament.Each fragment of her poetry is grasped with the thought of femininity. She stands as the revolt against male dominance over female. She revolutionizes the demands, the rights, advantages and the privileges that a woman must get but is deprived due to the over powering activities of men and their dominance over female. Viewed dispassionately we might in conclusion state that, confessional poetry is a monopolistic field for poetry by women and such a inner requires passion to liberate oneself from the complexity of life and male domination towards a life of hope, liberty and meaning.Kamala Dads was hated and criticized by many people for do ing an exceptional thing for an Indian woman, she becomes very successful. She becomes a mirror for the other silenced women. All in all, Kamala Dads is one of the pioneering post-independence Indian English poets to have contributed immensely to the growth and development of modern Indian English poetry. She is one of the modernist writers to assert her femininity as a human in Indian literature; she has been something of a cult figure in her home state ND a source of great inspiration and emulsion for women with literary aspiration.To conclude, Kamala Dads is a typical confessional poet who pours her heart into her poetry which is largely subjective and autobiographical, anguished and tortured, letting us peep into her sufferings and tortured psyche. There is strong autobiographical touch in it, which makes Mrs.. Dads a confessional poet of the first order. Kamala Dads may or may not be serious about women's emancipation from male domination, but as a poet she is seriously and cre atively concerned with her own identity as a woman.

Common Sense Essay - 623 Words

After reading excerpts from the pamphlet â€Å"Common Sense†, written by Thomas Paine in 1776, I developed a sense of understanding for many different aspects of the article. About a quarter of the way through, I found myself very much interested in what I was reading. However, I was interested to an extent where I felt as if I was living in the 18th century and I strongly agreed with everything Thomas Paine was saying. By the end of the reading, I felt overwhelmingly opposed to the British, and I was enthusiastically in favor for the independence of America. After further analyzation, I realized Thomas Paine knew how to use his rhetoric. Throughout the excerpt he employed many different tactics to persuade the reader, and put them in favor of†¦show more content†¦The Stamp Act. By mentioning the Stamp Act, he is already triggering the mind of the reader to think of the unjust acts which have been committed by the British towards their colonies. He then mentions how t he acts were repelled, yet a decade later Parliament whipped out a new set of taxes. By causing the reader to feel anger for what Britain has unjustly done to them, it is easier to convince them of his point that reconcile can not be made with them. Although it may last temporarily, it will ultimately fail. From reading Tom’s and Reverend Charle’s works, I derive two different tones. On Tom’s side I find a very well articulated argument. He seems extremely confident in what he is saying and takes a very aggressive and opposing stance. If I ever spoke to him I would expect him to have a very eloquent persona, and a confident manner. On the other side, I didn’t get the same feel from Reverend Charles Inglis. Although he has his stance, I did not perceive the same amount of energy and enthusiasm I did from Paine’s. I would even say Charle’s writing was hesitant. After reading Paine’s side of the argument, I was not anywhere affected in the view I took on the matter by Charles. This very important piece of literature, has giving me a deeper perspective of very important debate of declaring America’s independence fromShow MoreRelatedThe Apology For Thomas Paines Common Sense749 Words   |  3 Pageswith a severe lack of common sense in the modern world is rapidly increasing. Without this common sense, the world turns into a mass of chaos and confusion. According to Merriam-Webster, common sense is defined by having sound and prudent judgment based on a simple perception of the situation or facts. Our world is in a grave and desperate drought of common sense, and the only way to quench this thirst is to reevaluate ourselves, our thoughts, and our practices. Common sense begins with respect forRead MoreCommon Sense1686 Words   |  7 Pagesthe years to follow his father’s trade. 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